Paul Hiepko 
The collections of the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) and their history

[Scanned-in version of the article's original publication in Englera 7: 219-252, 1987]

Herbaria and other scientific collections are - in addition to a large library - essential parts of a research institute specializing in taxonomic botany. The fate of such an institute is, therefore, closely linked with the fate of its collections. The destruction of the greater part of the herbarium of the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem in 1943 was therefore a far-reaching event in the history of this institution. One may think that an historical account of the herbarium of the Botanical Museum could omit its development up to March 1, 1943, because the old holdings were totally destroyed. But, fortunately, this opinion is completely wrong, even if it was - prompted by publications like that of Merrill (1943) - widely circulated during the first decades after World War II (see also Shetler 1969: 707). It was estimated that about one-half million specimens were saved (Sleumer 1949: 173) and among this remaining stock there are at least single specimens from nearly all old collections, especially among the surviving types. I will, therefore, give a short account of the entire history of the Botanical Museum which can be divided into three periods:

1. From the beginning until 1913. - Since Urban (1881, 1909, 1916) has discussed the history of the Botanical Museum up to 1913 in several publications (including comprehensive lists of the collections), this period can be dealt with concisely.

2. 1913 to March 1, 1943. - For the following period up to the destruction of the Herbarium building there is no account of the development of the holdings of the Botanical Museum. A summary will be given based on the annual reports published in the "Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens zu Berlin-Dahlem".

3. March 2, 1943 to present. - In this chapter, the surviving parts of the old collections that formed the basis for the rebuilding of the herbarium will be covered.
From the beginning until 1913
The earliest herbarium in Berlin was set up by J. S. Elssholz around 1657, even before the founding of the Botanical Garden in 1679. This herbarium was kept in the Royal Library, but it is no longer extant. Other small collections of plants were kept in the Naturalienkabinett of the Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin founded in 1700 (since 1744 the Royal Academy). These collections which were for some time looked after by J. G. Gleditsch, in 1770 contained ca. 5,600 species.

Another collection of dried plants was maintained in the Cabinet of the Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin since the foundation of the Society in 1773. This herbarium ultimately contained 1,042 species with 1,902 specimens(Urban 1916: 12).

These oldest plant collections in Berlin were not well maintained and were hardly used for scientific purposes. The first intensively used herbarium was built by C. L. Willdenow who was Director of the Berlin Botanical Garden from 1801 until his death (1812); from 1810 he was also Professor at the newly founded Friedrich Wilhelm University. Because of Willdenow's important and voluminous publications his outstanding herbarium contains very many types and was one of the largest collections in its time (Eckardt 1965).

In connection with the increasing importance of herbaria at the beginning of the 19th century an institutionalization of the formerly private collections can be observed (Stafleu 1987). The origins of the Royal Herbarium - later Botanical Museum  - go back to this time, thus, it is not possible to give a precise date of foundation. Following Urban (1916) and Eckardt (1966) I consider the year of Link's assumption of the directorship, i.e. 1815, as the year of foundation because Link soon decided to build a regular herbarium (Urban 1916: 12). This herbarium at first consisted of several small collections of exotic plants. In 1818 the extremely important collection of Willdenow was bought for the herbarium by order of Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia. The Herbarium Willdenow, fortunately, was not destroyed in 1943 and is still kept separate (B-W). It contains ca. 38,000 specimens comprising 20,260 species of vascular plants (the 6,000 Cryptogams mentioned by Urban are not extant, except 27 species of Chara). Details on the composition of the collection are given by Urban (1916: 412 ff.) and Hiepko (1972).

The extraordinarily valuable specimens of the historic Herbarium Willdenow are now - like those of many other historic collections not sent out on loan. In 1971, therefore, a microfiche edition was produced by IDC, Zug, including a systematic index. Somewhat later a printed alphabetical index was also published together with introductory chapters (Hiepko 1972; see also Stafleu 1972). The following papers on parts of the Herbarium Willdenow were published: Plants of J. R. & G. Forster (Hiepko 1969), Mexican plants of Humboldt & Bonpland (Ern 1976, Appendix), collections of Ruiz et al. (Lack 1979), plants from Tournefort's journey to the Orient (Wagenitz 1962), and the genus Aster (Jones & Hiepko 1981).

Through the acquisition of this herbarium the collections became so large that it was necessary to comply with the second important requirement for a working institutional herbarium, i.e. the appointment of a professional staff. In 1819 the botanist D.F.L. von Schlechtendal was employed as "Aufseher der öffentlichen Kräutersammlung" (supervisor of the public collection of herbs), and was even assisted by a servant in poisoning and mounting the specimens. At the same time A. von Chamisso, known as a poet and scientist, was appointed as "Mitaufseher des Botanischen Gartens" (co-supervisor of the Botanical Garden) to start a herbarium of plants cultivated in the garden. But Chamisso soon withdrew from the Botanical Garden and studied with Sch1echtenda1 the plants collected during the latter's voyage around the world in 1815-1818 that was initiated by Romanzoff.

After the appointment of Schlechtendal to the University at Halle in 1833 Chamisso succeeded him as curator of the herbarium and remained for 5 years. When he retired shortly before his death in 1838 J. F. Klotzsch, who was assistant in the herbarium from 1834, was appointed curator and continued to hold the position until he died in 1860. During this period he was supported by several assistants. An important innovation introduced by Klotzsch was the sending of specimens on loan to foreign botanists. Through this policy the number of types increased considerably since many specialists described new taxa based on specimens from the Berlin Herbarium.

Also during this time some extremely valuable private collections were purchased. The largest and most important collection was that of C. S. Kunth, Vice-Director of the Botanical Garden, who died in 1850. Before he took over the position in Berlin, he had lived in Paris from 1815 to 1828 while working on the plants collected by A. von Humboldt and A. Bonpland in America. Kunth's herbarium was a collection of ca. 70.000 specimens, comprising about 54,500 species, and contained ca. 3,000 types of taxa described in the "Nova genera et species . . ." as well as many duplicates from the herbarium in Paris, and plants from the botanical gardens in Paris and Berlin and other important collections.

The herbarium of Link, purchased after his death in 1851, was not as large as that of Kunth (only 3,113 species of Cryptogams and 16,382 species of Phanerogams), but it also contained many types of taxa described by Link (fungi as well as plants from the Botanical Garden).

Another large addition was a part of the herbarium of Nees von Esenbeck acquired in 1855 (nearly 10,000 species of Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Juncaceae, and Restionaceae).

At this time there was still no adequate building to house the rapidly growing collections. First the herbarium was housed in some rooms of a building belonging to the Academy in Berlin, but in 1822 it was moved to a small residential building in Neu-Schöneberg, i.e. near the Botanical Garden. Because of lack of space 35 years later the herbarium had to be transfered to a building of the University in Berlin. From this place, however, it was in 1871 again forced out and moved to a private house with unheated rooms in the centre of Berlin. During the last two moves Link's successor, the famous morphologist A. Braun was already Director (1851-1877). Braun tried with great effort to get a new building especially for the collections in the area of the Botanical Garden at Schöneberg. Finally he succeeded, but he died before the construction was started in 1878. The new building was inaugurated by the new Director, A. W. Eichler, with the official name "Königliches Botanisches Museum" (Royal Botanical Museum). In this Museum for the first time a public department was established in which, besides other objects, larger specimens such as fruits, wood samples, and spirit collections were exhibited.

After Klotzsch's death in 1860 J . Hanstein was appointed "Erster Kustos" (first curator), but only 5 years later he accepted a chair at Bonn. He was succeeded by the former second curator, A. Garcke (1819-1904), author of the well-known "Illustrierte Flora von Deutschland" which was published in several editions. His collaborators were P. Ascherson (1834-1913) and F. C. Dietrich (1805-1891). In 1884 Ascherson was replaced by K. Schumann (1851-1904).

The successor of Braun, A. W. Eichler (1839-1887, Director since 1878) brought the colossal research project "Flora brasiliensis" to Berlin which he had taken over from Martius at Munich in 1868. Therefore, Eich1er's herbarium, purchased shortly before he died, was especially rich in Brazilian plants (over 12,000 specimens from Glaziou).

In the 1880s several collections made by German expeditions to Africa came into the possession of the Botanical Museum; these collections, however, were studied only in part at that time.

On October 1, 1889 A. Engler (1844-1930) was appointed Director. Under his direction the Botanical Museum reached the zenith of its development at the beginning of the 20th century (Eckardt 1966: 168 ff., Stafleu 1981). Here the role of I. Urban(1848-1931) has to be emphasized as he has already been mentioned as author of the history of the Botanical Museum. Urban's scientific achievement was equal to Engler's and in his position as "Unterdirektor" (Sub-Director) he was decisively involved in the moving of the Botanical Garden and the Museum from Schöneberg to Dahlem. Through this moving of the collections (which had grown explosively during the 1890s) into a spacious new building the best environment for fruitful research was created.

Along with studies for the main works edited by Engler, "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" (with K. Prantl), "Das Pflanzenreich" and "Die Vegetation der Erde" (with O. Drude), the study was pushed forward of the immense collections which came to Berlin at the end of the last century from the young German colonies in East Africa, Cameroon, Togo, S. W. Africa, New Guinea etc. (cf. Timler & Zepernick 1987). In this connection Engler edited in his "Botanische Jahrbücher" between 1892 and 1913 for instance 42 "Beiträge zur Flora Afrikas" (Contributions to the Flora of Africa) comprising more than 6,900 total pages.

Through the fast growth of the collections, the Museum building was again too small only a few years after the opening. In October 1906 the construction of the new building in Dahlem with a fourfold increase in space was finished, and the transfer of the collections ended six months later.
1913 to March 1,1943
The year 1913, the last year covered by Urban's history of 1916, coincidentally was also the last year in the rapid development of the Botanical Museum during Engler's directorship. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the number of staff members was soon reduced, and the stream of collections from the colonies dried up very quickly. Nevertheless, the study of plant specimens already in the herbarium resulted in 12 more "Beiträge zur Flora von Afrika" (Contributions to the Flora of Africa) published in the "Botanische Jahrbücher" (vols. 51-62, 1914-1929) with more than 1,700 pages edited by Engler.
Shortly before the war another series was started, "Beiträge zur Flora von Papuasien" (Contributions to the Flora of Papuasia) edited by C. Lauterbach and published in the same journal. This series of papers was at first based on collections of C. Ledermann, R. Schlechter, H. Hollrung, C. Lauterbach, O. Warburg and many others (see Timler & Zepernick 1987), mainly from the northeastern part of New Guinea (Kaiser-Wilhelmsland). For the later publications in this series, edited by L. Diels, new collections of Brass, Clemens and others were also studied. The 25 parts of the series were published between 1912 and 1940 and comprise over 3,300 pages.

After retiring in 1913, Urban worked exclusively on the plants from the West Indies assembled in the Herbarium Krug & Urban. These collections were continuously expanded during the years 1915-1935 by the collections of E. L. Ekman who added more than 24,000 numbers.
Engler retired in 1921 at 77 and his pupil L. Diels (1874-1945) was appointed Director. Diels had been Vice-Director of the Botanical Garden and Museum at Dahlem since 1913. During the last 7 years of Engler's directorship several other large collections came into the possession of the Museum. The most important was the herbarium of the Naturhistorisches Museum zu Lübeck which contained several thousand specimens including many old collections not present in Berlin before (see Anon. 1916: 405 f. for list of collectors). The most important part of the "Herbar Lübeck" was the original S. African collection of J. Drège with about 8,000 specimens that had originally belonged to E. H. F. Meyer (Königsberg, † 1858).

Other notable acquisitions during that time were the herbaria of H. Dingler (including the original Greek collection of W. v. Spruner), H. Kinscher, E. Koehne, M. Schulze (Jena), and J. Utsch (for details see Appendix A).

The transition of the directorship to L. Diels - R. Pilger (1876-1953) was Diel's successor as Vice-Director - at first resulted in hardly any change in the research program. In addition to studies for the second edition of "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" and further monographs for the "Pflanzenreich" new collections were studied and the results, especially descriptions of new and rare taxa, were published. Between 1914 and 1939 Diels edited for the journal "Botanische Jahrbücher" five contributions to the Flora of Micronesia and Polynesia. In the "Notizblätter des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem" papers on several notable collections were published as series: Luetzelburg (Brazil), Steinbach (Bolivia), Tessmann (Peru), and Schlieben (E. Africa, with ca. 500 new taxa!).

When the "Flora brasiliensis" was finished in 1906, no large new floristic project existed in the Museum. Urban all his life had attended to the flora of the West Indies as editor and main author of "Symbolae antillanae", and P. Graebner worked until his death in 1933 on the "Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora" originally founded by Ascherson. Then in 1939 a new institutional project was started - a Flora of S. W. Africa (Anon. 1940: 284). Two years later the treatments of several families were already finished, but most of the manuscripts of the flora burned in 1943 (Werdermann 1954) and the project was resumed after the war at Munich.

Collecting trips by staff members of the Botanical Museum to European countries or to the tropics were not possible during World War I and the following years. The first expedition from 1923-1927 was led by E. Werdermann to Chile and Bolivia. Several collections were also made during short trips to the Balkans, the Near East, the Alps, and to the tropics: Cameroon, Brazil, Ecuador etc. (see Zepernick & Timler 1979: 14 f.).

In the 1920s many collections from China came to Berlin (those of Hu, Klautke, Schneider, Sin, and others) which were studied by Diels and later by visiting Chinese botanists. For example, Y. C. Wu worked for more than 4 years (1936-1940) at the Botanical Museum.

Among the many important collections that were added to the herbarium during the 1920s and 1930s those of A. W. Roth (1757-1834), W. Becker (vouchers and types of his work on Viola), E. H. L. Krause, C. Mez, F. A. Körnicke, H. Sandstede (Cladonia), A. Peter (E. Africa), and K. H. Zahn (Hieracium) are some of the most notable (for details see Appendix A). Another noteworthy acquisition was the herbarium of the Naturhistorischer Verein für die Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen at Bonn received in 1936 (Anon. 1937). This huge collection of about 200,000 specimens containing the important herbarium of L. C. Treviranus was evacuated to Müncheberg east to Berlin and did not return to Dahlem after the war. It is now in East Berlin at the herbarium of the Humboldt University: BHU (cf. Bässler 1970 and Hiepko 1979).
At the beginning of the 1940s the herbarium contained about 4 million specimens (Eckardt 1966: 159); only ten years previously the Phanerogam collection alone had been estimated at 2,2 million sheets (Anon. 1934: 11). Just after the beginning of World War II the collections of Cryptogams stored in the attics of the Herbarium building were moved to safer locations in the cellar, in corridors, and other rooms of the building. Only the Herbarium Willdenow was evacuated to a bank vault. Around the beginning of 1943 a sorting out of types and other authentic material was begun. Unfortunately, this effort was not finished when the Herbarium building was destroyed by fire in a bombing raid on the night of March 1-2, 1943.

"The loss of the Berlin herbarium is a catastrophe of major proportions to world botany" wrote Merrill (1943), who continued: "This herbarium, one of the largest and most important in the world, . . . contained the basic historical collections of Germany outside of those at Munich. Scores of thousands of type specimens from all parts of the world were thus destroyed". Fortunately about 20,000 types of the Phanerogam collections have been saved (see part III).

The dimensions of this loss can only be visualized in comparison with the significance of the old Berlin herbarium. It was founded relatively late. In the territory of the later German Reich seven institutional herbaria existed before 1815, including the Royal Herbarium at Munich, founded in 1813. Many herbaria in other European countries - e.g. the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and Sweden - were established much earlier.

While most herbaria soon tended to be specialized geographically, the Berlin herbarium did not show any limitations regarding either groups of plants or geographical regions. The fact that plants from the area surrounding Berlin were relatively rare in the collections for more than 40 years after its foundation is characteristic for this herbarium. The neotropics, however, were a special field of interest right from the beginning and in the 1930s the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem consequently "housed the world's largest collection of neotropical types" (Grimé & Plowman 1986: 932).

The growing political importance of Prussia in the 19th century, the fast development of Berlin as capital of the German Reich from 1871, and the key position of the Botanical Museum for the exploration of the new German colonies in Africa and Oceania caused the Berlin herbarium to become the largest in Germany and in German-speaking Europe. With ca. 4 million specimens, it ranked with Kew, Leningrad, and Paris as one of the four largest herbaria of the world.
March 2, 1943 to present
The extent of devastation revealed on the morning of March 2, 1943 was described by Pilger (1953a: 4). The eastern part of the Botanical Museum housing the library and the bulk of the herbarium had been burnt out, as well as the workrooms in the central part of the building. Only those collections that had been kept in the basement and in the west wing of the Museum were saved.

Since it was not possible to store the collections that survived in the less damaged parts of the building this material was evacuated eventually to seven different locations (Pilger 1953a: 18 f.). The most important collections  -  the Herbarium Willdenow, the ca. 20,000 types of Phanerogams that were saved, duplicates of valuable collections etc. - were stored in a mine at Bleicherode in Thuringia. Also kept at the same place were the very large collections that had been handed over to the Berlin Museum in 1944 from the Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Vienna and the Botanical Institute of the University of Vienna, namely large parts of the broken up herbarium of the Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft (cf. Lack 1980), Herbarium Ullepitsch (Lack & Wagner 1985), Herbarium Reuss and other collections.

The fate of each of the evacuated collections was different: The Hieracium collections moved to Eberswalde and the Lichen herbarium of J. Hillmann stored in the church of Buckow were destroyed by fire. The large herbarium of the Naturhistorischer Verein für die Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen evacuated to the Erwin Baur Institute at Müncheberg was removed by the Soviet authorities to an unknown destination and, in 1964, presented to the Humboldt University in East Berlin.

The extraordinarily valuable collections at Bleicherode, which were also missing since March 1946, turned up again in the former Staatsbibliothek in the Soviet sector of Berlin at the end of 1947. Because the Botanical Museum was located in the American sector it was separated in March 1946 from the University, the center of which was in the Soviet sector. Because of this situation the authorities of the University did not want to return the collections to the Botanical Museum. After some difficult negotiations the material came back in March 1948 in exchange for the library of the Institute of Physics of the Berlin University which had been evacuated to Dahlem during the war. The entire collection of Pteridophytes came back even later.

The Director of the Museum at that time was R. Pilger, successor to Diels who had died in November 1945. Pilger - who in 1946 was already 70 years old - bore the burden of post-war rebuilding until the end of 1950, aided only by some of the old staff members. The restoration of the two surviving wings of the Museum was very slow and only more or less finished in the middle of the 1950s. Therefore it was not possible to appoint a new director before 1955. The scientific staff had been reduced to 8 persons. From 1950 to the present there were nine changes in the directorship. In addition to E. Werdermann (1892-1959), H. Melchior (1894-1984), and W. Domke (1899-), Th. Eckardt (1910-1977) who led the Botanical Museum for 13 years should be mentioned especially. His was the longest period of directorship after the war.

Since 1960 it was possible to enlarge the scientific staff to 17 botanists. However, the reconstruction of the building for the herbarium and library could not - despite of several attempts - be turned into reality. During the tercentenary celebration of the Berlin Botanical Garden in 1979 a new building was again promised and, finally, in 1987, under the directorship of W. Greuter, the collections were moved into the new wing.

The rebuilding of the herbarium was started soon after the 1943 destruction from some European collections that remained at Berlin (e.g., the herbaria of Engelhardt, Beger, and Bothe). The fast growth of the holdings of the Botanical Museum in the following years was only possible through generous gifts from friendly institutions and botanists. For example, specimens came from the collections of the Botanical Institute of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Berlin University and from the University at Marburg as well as large collections from Vienna. Other sources of new material were specimens generously sent as gifts or in exchange soon after the war from American and British herbaria. The large herbarium of Bornmüller, including many types especially from S. W. Asia, is one of the most important collections in the new Berlin herbarium (cf. Wagenitz 1960).

Collection trips organized by the Botanical Museum were for a long time taken only to European countries. Since 1972 several expeditions have been carried out in the Republic of Togo, to contribute to the exploration of this botanically relatively poorly known West African country. The result of this project, a "Flore analytique du Togo", was published in cooperation with the University at Lomé (Brunel et al. 1985).

The herbarium of the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) now contains about 2,5 million specimens. In the following pages, a survey of holdings of the different plant groups in the general herbarium will be given, emphasizing the parts of the old collections that were saved in 1943 (cf. Hiepko 1978) which according to Sleumer (1949: 173) was estimated to be "more than half a million sheets."

Nevertheless it must be stressed that because of the confusion during and after the war this compilation cannot be complete and that it is necessary to check each individual case in the herbarium to be sure whether or not a type was saved.

In the following text only a few important collections are mentioned. More information on these and additional collections is given in Appendix A.
Algae
The Algae collections of the general herbarium were completely destroyed in 1943. Only 57 sheets of the old herbarium are extant, having been on loan during the war. However, some fascicles of old material were found in the basement including 600 sheets of the Kützing herbarium acquired in 1894. In the extant spirit collection there are ca. 480 bottles of Algae from Cameroon (Ledermann), Annobon (Mildbraed), Madagascar (Voeltzkow), and the Kerguelen Is. (Werth).

Today the collection of Algae comprises about 34,500 sheets which are numbered throughout.
Fungi
All of the material of Uredinales and Fungi imperfecti was saved, while the remainder of the herbarium of Fungi was destroyed. Several additional types from different groups of Fungi were saved because they were kept in the public department of the Museum, e.g. types of J. F. Klotzsch and P. Hennings (cf. Kohlmeyer 1962a, 1962b). Other important collections were saved because they were kept in safer parts of the building. Among these are the herbaria of C. G. T. Preuss (cf. Jülich 1974) and Th. Nitschke (cf. Gerhardt & Hein 1979).

Lists of extant types of Fungi described by W. Kirschstein and G. Otth were published by Hein & Gerhardt (1981) and Hein (1985) respectively. In 1979 the Fungus collection of the Biologische Bundesanstalt at Berlin-Dahlem was presented to the Botanical Museum. This was a collection of more than 50,000 specimens of mostly parasitic fungi from all over the world (but mainly C. Europe).

The Fungus herbarium of the Botanical Museum comprised about 250,000 specimens according to an estimate of J. Kohlmeyer in 1962. Today there are more than 300,000 specimens.

Lichens
The Lichens of the general herbarium were nearly completely destroyed, only two loans of several specimens came back to Berlin after the war (see Appendix B). In addition to this material the small herbaria of J. Lahm, F. W. Zopf (including a collection of lichen substances, cf. Huneck et al. 1973), and H. Zschacke were saved (Mattick 1954).

The largest collections acquired after the war are those of G. Lettau (38,000 nos.), O. Behr (11,000 nos.), and V. Grummann (10,000 nos.). Today the Lichen herbarium comprises about 100,000 specimens.
Bryophytes
Only some fascicles of the genera Dicranella and Campylopus were saved in 1943. The remainder of the general herbarium was destroyed. Fortunately some important old collections are extant because they were kept separately. The most valuable herbarium is that of S. E. de Bridel which is still not included in the general herbarium (SchultzeMotel 1977). Other old or newly acquired collections came from Andres, M. Fleischer, Hintze, Loeske, K. Osterwald, H. Reimers and many others (see Appendix A).

A list of extant types of C. Warnstorf's herbarium was published by Schultze-Motel (1962), who also reported on a collection of bryophytes made in 1829 by Ch. G. Ehrenberg and A. von Humboldt in Siberia (Schultze-Motel 1963). The list of an extant old collection from Peru (leg. Raimondi) has just been published (Menzel & Schultze-Motel 1987).

The Bryophyte collection now contains more than 250,000 specimens. 
Pteridophyta
The Pteridophyte herbarium is  -  apart from the small families Marattiaceae and Ophioglossaceae - completely extant. This collection comprised over 1,000 fascicles in 1943 and today gives us a good impression of the importance of the old Berlin herbarium. In this group the list of collections published by Urban ( 1916) is still valid without any reservations.

In 1961 the number of sheets was estimated to be 275,000 (Meyer in Potztal 1962: 39; Meyer 1968: 307). Today the fern collection of the Botanical Museum may be the world's largest herbarium collection of pteridophytes, comprising ca. 300,000 specimens (see also Morton 1969: 20).

Phanerogams (seed plants)

The surviving parts of the old Phanerogam herbarium are composed of the following:

a) For various reasons (separate storage, on loan, etc.) the material of some plant families, genera, and a few entire special collections escaped the destruction completely or to a great extent; some examples are Begoniaceae, Pandanaceae, Antirrhinum, Herbarium Willdenow, collections of cones and fruits, Dingler’s Rosa collection, etc. (see Appendices A and B). The extant remnants of larger collections, such as C. Koch's herbarium (cf. Lack 1978b), may also be mentioned here.

b) As has already been mentioned, shortly before the bombing raid type specimens had begun to be extracted from the general herbarium and put into the basement of the Museum. Through this action about 20,000 types and other old sheets were saved in families of Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons, and some of the Dicotyledons. Unfortunately this activity was not completed. Because not all types were marked several were overlooked. On the other hand some of the saved sheets are not type specimens. Lists of the surviving families were published by Sleumer (1949) and Pilger (1953 b : 27 f.). The dates of these publications were checked in the herbarium and are listed in combination with other data in Appendix B.

c) A third category of extant material is the group of duplicates of different collections saved in 1943. Among this material many isotypes were found, and thus almost all families contain some old specimens. A few of these collections include A. Peter, H. J. Schlieben, and A. Stolz (E. Africa), G. Zenker (Cameroon), C. Ledermann (New Guinea, Caroline and Palau Is.), M. S. Clemens (New Guinea), and C. Troll (Bolivia and Africa).
Since the records of the distribution of duplicates from the Berlin herbarium were also destroyed the publication by Leeuwenberg (1965) on the distribution of collections from Africa is very useful in tracing isotypes from the old Berlin collections. The neotropical types of the Berlin herbarium - 15,800 according to Merrill (1943) - were photographed in the 1930s by J. F. Macbride for the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago and these photographs are available there (Grimé & Plowman 1986).

Another source of isotypes present today in the Botanical Museum was herbaria received after 1943 that contained duplicates of old Berlin collections, e.g., the herbaria of R. Gross (see Pilger 1953b: 28), K. Dinter, H. J. Schlieben, and from the botanical institute of Marburg University (Pilger l.c.: 35).

The published lists of types from certain families of flowering plants of the Berlin herbarium show that even in groups known to be totally destroyed in 1943 some old material can be found: Cucurbitaceae (Lack 1978a), Flacourtiaceae and related families (Zepernick 1978 & 1979), and Orchidaceae (Butzin 1978, 1980 & 1981).

Because of the complex situation after the destruction of the herbarium building the present holdings of the herbarium are extremely heterogeneous. Besides families containing hundreds of types there are other groups without hardly any type material.

The holdings of the Phanerogam herbarium at present total approximately 1,5 million sheets of world-wide collections, but especially from Europe, S. W. Asia, and Africa. The material is now stored in compactors in a windowless new building.
Special collections
Since so many types of the general herbarium were destroyed the extant special collections are very important.

The extensive spirit collection was almost completely saved. The greater part of this collection comprises specimens of flowering plants (fruits, large flowers, entire plants, etc.). There are also several bottles of algae, fungi, ferns, and gymnosperms. This special collection contains many type specimens or fragments of types that were destroyed in the herbarium (cf. list of type specimens of Cactaceae by Leuenberger 1978 & 1979). The spirit collection comprises ca. 13,000 bottles (Potztal 1962: 42).

The collection of gymnosperm cones (also twigs and male strobili) is completely extant (ca. 1,500 nos.).

The old collection of fruits and seeds (ca. 7,000 nos. of dried specimens) is also largely extant and includes many type fragments. After World War II a few other collections (Vilmorin-Andrieux, Wittmack, Schiemann, etc.) came into the possession of the Museum. The collection of fruits and seeds comprises ca. l 5,000 nos.

The greater part of the collection of wood samples has also been saved. It totals ca. 8,200 samples and comprises several larger extra-European collections (cf. Potztal 1962: 41 f. and the citation of wood samples in Brunel et al.1985).

The collection of galls (cf. Urban 1916: 416) is completely extant (66 fascicles). Some additional large collections not yet inserted are those of F. Thomas, L. Geisenheyner, H. Harms and others.

There is also a small collection of fossils with about 300 specimens from Central Europe comprising all periods of geological history. Most fossils have been in the Museum since before 1943.

Fortunately G. Schweinfurth's amazing collection of vegetal remains from Egyptian tombs was saved; it comprises 392 samples (Germer 1986).

Zepernick (1985) reports on another paleo-ethnobotanical collection of the Botanical Museum containing plant remains from Neolithic and Bronze age lake dwellings in C. Europe.

Last but not least two additional extant old collections should be mentioned: a rather large collection of resins, balsamic resins, lacs, copals, latexes, etc. (with many samples from Schweinfurth and other famous collectors), and a large collection of plant fibres.
Acknowledgements
I express my thanks to those colleagues at the Botanical Museum Berlin Dahlem who gave valuable informations on different parts of the collections. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. L. E. Skog and Dr. R. A. DeFillips, U.S. National Herbarium, who undertook to edit the English. 
References
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Hiepko, P. 1969: Von J. R. und G. Forster gesammelte Pflanzen im Herbar Willdenow in Berlin. - Willdenowia 5: 279-294.

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Huneck, S., Follmann, G. & Redon, J. 1973: Mitteilungen über Flechteninhaltsstoffe XCVI. Identifizierung einiger Flechtenstoffe aus der Belegsammlung Friedrich Wilhelm Zopfs.  - Willdenowia 7: 31-45.

Jones, Almut G. & Hiepko, P. 1981: The genus Aster s.l. (Asteraceae) in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin. - Willdenowia 11: 343-360.

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Lack, H. W. 1978a: Typen der Cucurbitaceae im Berliner Generalherbar. - Willdenowia 8: 425-429.

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 -  1979: Die südamerikanischen Sammlungen von H. Ruiz und Mitarbeitern im Botanischen Museum Berlin-Dahlem. - Willdenowia 9: 177-198.

 -  1980: Das Herbar der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. - Willdenowia 10: 67 -81.

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Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. 1965: Isotypes of which holotypes were destroyed in Berlin. - Webbia 19: 861-863.

Leuenberger, B. E. 1978: Type specimens of Cactaceae in the Berlin-Dahlem Herbarium. - Cact. Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 40: 101-104.

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Mattick, F. 1954: Verluste der deutschen Lichenologie 1943-1951: J. Hillmann, C. F. E. Erichsen, G. Lettau und H. Sandstede. - Willdenowia 1: 175-197.

Mendes, E. J. & Balsas, J. 1981: Type numbers of the H. J. Schlieben collection known to exist at LISC, 1980. - Bol. Soc. Brot., sér 2, 53: 1223-1231.
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Merrill, E. D. 1943: Destruction of the Berlin Herbarium.  - Science 98 (2553): 490-491.

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Appendix A
Selective list of collections acquired by the Botanical Museum BerlinDahlem (B) between 1914 and 1986
The following list contains the more important and larger collections acquired by the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) between 1914 and 1986 and assigned to certain collectors (or owners). It was not possible to include all collectors. It should be borne in mind that collections mentioned as "original herbarium" very often contain specimens collected by other persons than the owner. Additional names of collectors represented at B are given in Hiepko (1980), Lack (1980) and Lack & Wagner (1985).
Some collections from the time before 1914 (see lists in Urban 1916) are mentioned if they were at least partly saved in 1943. The collections made by the present staff members are not included.

In accordance with the Collectors Index (part 11 of Index Herbariorum) the indication "r." in front of a year marks the date at which the collection was received at the Museum. Thus, it is possible to see whether the material was destroyed in 1943. If material received before March 1943 was saved, this fact is indicated. It should be stressed again that in the groups listed in Appendix B certain specimens from almost all old collections are extant.

The dates of receipt are taken from the published annual reports which comprise the period from April 1 of each year to March 31 of the following, i.e. the financial year formerly used. The dates given refer to the first year of the period mentioned. Thus, all collections received since 1943 (r. 1943 and later) came to the Botanical Museum after the destruction of the herbarium building.

For the selected Exsiccatae of different groups of Cryptogams included in the list, the dates of receipt are not mentioned; these collections are all extant.
Allorge, P.: Bryotheca iberica, no. 1-150. Paris 1928-1938.
Allorge, V. & P.: Bryophyta azorica. Paris 1939.

Andres, H.: Bryophyte herbarium, r. 1968 (+/- 18,000, mostly Europe, especially Rhineland).

Ascherson, P.: Small parts of the original herbarium (r. 1895) extant. 
Barros, J. J. de: Portugal, r. 1939 (+/- 2,000, partly extant).
Baschant, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1959 (+/- 25,000, mostly C. & S. Europe, some Senegal, Brazil and specimens of other continents [exchange]; many duplicate of old collections, cf. Hiepko 1980).

Becker, W.: Viola herbarium, r. 1929 (+/- 4,300).

Beger, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1941 (+/- 12,000, col. 1906-1939, mostly C. Europe), almost completely extant.

Behr, O.: Lichen herbarium, r. 1962 (+/- 11,000).

Berger-LandefeIdt, U.: Original herbarium, r. 1968 (+/- 23,000 + 686 Cryptogams; mostly C. and S. Europe).

Beyer, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1925 (over 30,000, C. Europe, especially Westphalia), partly extant.

Borgmann, E.: N. E. New Guinea (Mt. Wilhelm) col. 1960/61, r. 1971 (+/- 950).

Bornmüller, J.: C. & S. Europe, r. 1914-1937 (3,002, incl. 2,150 nos. Hieracium); Macedonia, r. 1919-1924 (3,331 ex herb. HBG); Iter graecum a. 1926, r. 1927 (504); Iter anatolicum quintum a. 1929, r. 1931 (621); Balkan a. 1931, r. 1932 (79); Tripoli & S. Italy a. 1933, r. 1934 (381).  - The private herbarium of J. Bornmüller ("ca. 600 sehr starke Faszikel") was purchased for the Botanical Museum in 1938 and moved to Berlin in several parts since that year. The material received before March 1943, therefore, has been largely destroyed (list of destroyed families in Wagenitz 1960: 358). However, the greater part of the herbarium came to Berlin after World War II and is extant. Most plants were collected by Bornmüller himself in S. W. Asia, S. & C. Europe, and Macaronesia; many specimens are from other collectors: e.g. Th. Strauss, Gabriel, Gauba, Sintenis and several Russian collectors (see also Wagenitz 1960).

Bothe, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (+/- 250 fasc., mainly C. Europe, including many different collectors).

Brade, A. C.: Costa Rica and Brazil, r. 1921-1939 (3,079), incl. 500 ferns).

Brass, L. J.: New Guinea, r. 1928-1939 (914).

Bridel, S. E. de: Bryophyte herbarium, r. 1829 (+/- 1,000 species, extant and still kept separately).

Carr, C. E.: New Guinea, r. 1935/36 (5,032, many specimens extant).

Clemens, J. & M. S.: N. Borneo, r. 1931-1936 (6,904), r. 1944 (1,328); New Guinea, r. 1935-1939 (8,772 of which +/- 2,600 nos. with duplicates were saved).
Crouan, H. M. & P. L.: Algues marines du Finistère. 3 fasc. (404 nos.).
Degener, O. (p.p. with Degener, I.): Hawaii, r. 1928-1938 (1,930); N. America, r. 1933 (902); Hawaii, USA, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, USSR, r. l 950-1986 (3,468).

Desmazières, J. B. H. J.: Plantes cryptogames de France. Fasc. 1-16 (no. 1-800). Lille 1853-1860.

Diels, L.: Europe, r. 1919-1944 (217); N. America, r. 1933 (345); Ecuador, r. 1933 (925).

Dingler, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1914 (+/- 30,000, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and S. Germany; incl. herb. Spruner, Greece), "Flora orientalis" col. 1873-1874 partly extant.  - Rosa herbarium, r. 1936 (+/- 14,000, chiefly collected by Dingler himself, C. & S. Europe, completely extant).

Dinter, K.: S. W. Africa, r. 1929- 1941 (1,565). - Original herbarium S. W. Africa?, r. 1946 (+/- 8,000).

Domke, W.: Cameroon, r. 1938 (+/- 1,500); N. W. Libya, r. 1939 (+/- 500).

Drège, J.: Original herbarium, r. 1915 (+/- 8,000, ex herb. Lübeck; originally belonging to E. H. F. Meyer, Königsberg, †1858).

Eckardt, Th.: Switzerland (chiefly Puschlav), S. Europe, Madeira Is., USA r. 1977 (+/- 3,150).

Ehrenberg, Ch. &.: Ural & Sibiria, col. 1829: 216 Bryophytes extant (Schultze-Motel 1963).

Ekman, E. L.: Weast Indies, r. 1915-1935, via I. Urban (24,127).

Elmer, A. D. E.: Philippines, r. 1924 & 1938 (2,900); Borneo, r. 1925/26 (+/- 1,800).

Engelhardt, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1943 (+/- 20,000), mainly collected himself: Triest, Istria, Dalmatia, Italy, S. E. Alps, Rhodos.

Fahrendorf, E.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1960 (+/- 4,800).

Fiedler, O .: Original herbarium, r. 1950- 1965 (7,100, Europe and from overseas).

Fleischer, M.: Macedonia, r. 1917 (1,800, incl. 600 Bryophytes); r. 1919-1927 (600, different origin).  -  After World War II a large amount (over 2,000 nos. with many duplicates) of mostly undetermined mosses from tropical Asia, Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand have been found; this material obviously was intended for a continuation of Fleischer's exsiccatae "Musci (frond.) archipelagi indici (et polynesiaci)" which are nearly complete at B.

Fries, E. M.: Scleromyceti Sueciae. Lundae 1819-1834 (+/- 200).
Gabriel, A. & A.: Iter irano-gedrosiacum a. 1937 (many specimens ex herb. Bornmüller).

Gauba, D. E.: Plantae Gaubeanae iranicae 1935 (many specimens ex herb. Bornmüller).

Geisenheyner, L.: CoIlection of galls, r. 1921; completely extant.

Glück, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1940 (71 fasc.: Europe, 53 fasc.: N. America; 429 boxes fruits of Trapa) The Trapa fruit collection is extant.

Gossweiler, J.: Angola, r. 1924-1939(+/- 2,100), r. 1950 (571).

Gross, L.: Original herbarium, r. 1929 (350 fasc., mostly Europe).

Gross, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1946 (+/- 20,000, including 3,000 Cyperaceae with many isotypes from B and other important collections, e.g. 600 leg. Jürgens (S. Brazil), 800 leg. Stolz (E. Africa).

Grummann, V.; Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1968 (+/- 10,000).

Hamel, G. (p.p. & Hamel-Joukow, A.): Algues de France. 5 fasc. 1927-1931 (250).  -  Algues des Antilles françaises. 1931 (150).

Heinrichs, E.: Ecuador, r. 1932-1936 (1,000).

Hennings, P.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1887-1908, over 1,000 types and other specimens extant (from holdings of the old public department of the Botanical Museum and saved groups of Fungi).

Herter, W. G.: Fungi, r. 1916 (+/- 2,650, Europe and S. America). Phanerogams, r. 1917-1937 (3,900, Europe, N. Africa, S. America) + 1,300 Cryptogams and 1,080 ferns.

Hillmann, J.: Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1944 (14,000); the collection was evacuated to Buckow (east to Berlin) and was destroyed there in 1945.

Hintze, F.: Original herbarium: Bryophytes, r. 1961 (7,000, Pomerania).

Hoppe, D. H.: Fungi epiphylli. No. 1-10. Ratisbonae 1809. - Mosses, r. 1944 (+/- 300, including types of Hoppe & Hornschuch).

Hu, H. H.: China, 1921-1929 (6,800).

Huber, H.: Fungi, mostly Basidiomycetes, r.1913-1943 (3,678, Austria).

Hübschmann, A. v.: Bryophytes, r. 1982 ff. (3,496, Europa, Macaronesia, Ceylon; including specimens of other collectors).

Husnot, P. T.: Musci Galliae, 12 fasc. 1870 ff., r. 1944 (600).

Huth, E.: Original herbarium, r. 1941 (190 fasc., Europe and Orient).

Jahn, E.: Collection of Myxophyta, r. 1944 (+/- 3,000).

Jürgens, C.: S. Brazil, r. 1923-1934 (+/- 750); ca. 600 ex herb. R. Gross (r. 1946).
Kalbreyer, W.: Herbarium, r. 1915 (276, W. Africa col. 1877; 1,650, Colombia col. 1877-1884, many palms).

Kinscher, H.: Rubus herbarium, r. 1918 (33 large fascicles, mostly C. Germany), completely extant.

Kirschstein, W.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1945 (10,000, chiefly Ascomycetes) cf. Rosenthal (1956), Hein & Gerhardt (1981).

Klautke, P.: China and Korea, r. 1925-1929 (1,572).

Klotzsch, J. F.: Herbarium vivum mycologicum. 14 Cent. (incomplete), cf. Kohlmeyer (1962b).

Koch, C.: Original herbarium, r. 1913. For saved parts see Lack (1978b).

Koehne, E.: Dendrological herbarium, r. 1919 (22,000, mostly cult.).

Körnicke, F. A.: Original herbarium, r. 1934 (+/- 20,000, mostly C. Europa, including Fungi).  -  Europe, r. 1983 (+/- 4,200 Phanerogams, +/- 1,100 Fungi).

Kopsch, A.: Bryotheca saxonica. 1919 ff. No.1-300.

Krause, A. & A.: Alaska, r. before 1914 (360 extant, on loan during the war).

Krause, E. H. L.: Original herbarium, r. 1929 (+/- 60 fasc. 3; Bryophyte herbarium, re 1935 (+/- 2,000).  - Fungi, r. 1941 (22 fasc extant, cf. Kohlmeyer 1962a).

Krause, K.: Anatolia and other regions, r. 1926-1940 (5,478).

Krieger, K. W.: Fungi saxonici. Fasc. 1-50 (no. 1-2,500). Königstein/ Elbe 1885-1919.

Kükenthal, G.: Caricoideae herbarium, r. 1931; remaining Cyperaceae, r. 1944 and 1953 (+/- 6,000, cf. Schultze-Motel 1960a); Rubus, r.1948 (6,540).

Kützing, F. T.: Algae, 600 sheets of the orig. herb. purchased in 1894 have been saved (but no types).

Lahm, J.: Lichen herbarium, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster), extant.

Ledermann, C.: 950 duplicates of the collection received before 1914 were saved (New Guinea, Carolines, Palau Is.).

Lettau, G.: Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1952 (38,000, incl. 1,000 Fungi; chiefly East Prussia and S. W. Germany) + 38 fasc. Phanerogams.

Loeske, L.: Bryophytes, r. 1934 (250); today many Bryophyte collections at B which came to Berlin with other herbaria.

Ludwig, A.: Original herbarium, r. 1958 (305 fasc. Phanerogams; 92,000 Cryptogams, including ca. 50,000 Fungi), mostly C. Europe.
Markgraf, F.: Balkan (Albania and N. Greece), r. 1924-1941 (3,000); Brazil, r. 1939 (+/- 900).

Mattfeld, J.: Balkan (Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey-in-Europe), r. 19241930 (+/- 5,800); C. Europe, mostly Alps, r. 1921-1939 (+/- 2,000).

Mattick, F.: Lichens: Brazil, r. 1953 {1,070); Chile, r. 1961 (+/- 1,500).

Mauczka, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1944, from Vienna (120 fasc., many cult.).

Melchior, H.: S. Alps, r. 1929-1940 (7,778); N. Iran (Elburs), r. 1936 (650).

Menzel, P.: Leaf herbarium, r. 1928 (?) (36 fasc., leaves mostly ex herb. Berlin), completely extant.

Meyer, D. E.: C. Europe, r. 1955-1973 (3,900, predominantly Pteridophytes).

Mez, C.: Original herbarium, r. 1933 (125 fasc., including many types: Gramineae, Bromeliaceae, Lauraceae, Myrsinaceae).

Morton, F.: Original herbarium, r. 1962 (+/- 9,000, Alps, Guatemala, Ethiopia).

Müller, O .: Diatoms, r. 1914 (+/- 3,000).

Nitschke, Th.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster), extant, cf. Gerhardt & Hein (1979).

Nordstedt, O. & Wahlstedt, L. J.: Characeae Scandinaviae exsiccatae, 3 fasc. (120 nos.).

Osterwald, K.: Original herbarium: Bryophytes, r. 1923 (large collection, C. Europe, chiefly Brandenburg and Alps), completely extant.

Otth, G.: Fungi, ca. 100 boxes ex herb. Körnicke and herb. Nitschke; cf. Hein (1985).

Peekel, G.: Neumecklenburg (New Ireland), r. 1908-1938 (+/- 1,200).

Peter, A.: S. & E. Africa (Tanzania), r. 1935 (47,000), +/- 28,000 nos. with many duplicates extant (cf. Schultze-Motel 1960b). - Hieracium collection, r. l 937.

Pilger, R.: Mattogrosso, r. 1944 (250 ex herb. Jena).

Polunin, O.: Kashmir (and Libanon), r. 1959 (849), Pakistan, r. 1961 (439)

Prelinger, M.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (65 fasc., C. Europe, Austria).

Preuss, C. G. T.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1936 (1,848, ex herb. Münster), extant, cf. Kohlmeyer 1962; Jülich 1974.

Pritzel, E. G.: W. Australia, col. 1910: many duplicates extant.

Rabenhorst, L. & Pazschke, O.: Fungi europaei et extraeuropaei. Cent. 1-50. Dresdae/Lipsiae 1859-1905 (1-4,500), nearly complete.
Raimondi, A.: Peru herbarium p.p., r. 1930 (some types and 230 Bryophytes extant, cf. Menzel & Schulze-Motel 1987).

Rambo, B.: S. Brazil, "Herbarium Anchieta", r. 1954-1964 (+/- 8,000).

Range, P.: Sinai, r. 1916 (304); Nigeria, r. 1929 (31); S.W. Africa, r. 1940 (+/- 600).  -  Original herbarium, r. 1951-1953 (+/- 8,000, C. Europe).

Rechinger, K. H.: Greece, r. 1939 (1,437); Greece, r. 1955-1984 (+/- 3,600); Iran, r. 1970-1984 (+/- 9,000).

Reimers, H.: Cameroon, r. 1928 (681).  - Original herbarium (C. Europe), r. 1961 (Algae: 2 fasc., Fungi: 53 fasc., Bryophytes: 100 fasc., Phanerogams: 61 fasc.).

Reitz, R. & Klein, R. M.: Brazil, r. 1959-1969 (2,553).

Reuss, A. L. v.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 from Vienna (30,000, Austro-Hungarian Empire).

Roemer, F.: Original herbarium, r. 1939 (100 fasc., incl. 28 fasc. Rosa; chiefly from Pomerania).

Roth, A. W.: (1757-1834): Original herbarium, r. 1925, ex Naturhistorisches Museum zu Oldenburg (10,000, with many duplicates from botanists of his time).

Rottenbach, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1949, ex Naturwissenschaftliches Museum Coburg (Europe, Phanerogams: 5,600, Fungi & Lichens: 400; many different collectors).

Ruiz, H. et al.: Peru and Chile (specimens in Herb. Willdenow [B-W: 109] and in the general herbarium [B: +/- 350]; cf. Lack 1979).
Sandstede, H.: Cladonia herbarium, r. 1934 (ca. 60,000, mostly Europe).  - After 1943: Cladonia exsiccatae p.p. ex herb. Th. Reinstein and herb. H. Zschacke.

Schack, H.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1934 (+/- 6,000), completely extant.

Schiffner, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes).

Schlechter, R.: S. Africa, r.196l, ex herb. Zürich, Z (711).

Schlichtkrull, P.: Original herbarium, r. 1969 (+/- 3,000, C. & S. Europe).

Schlickum, A.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1949 (4,168).

Schlieben, H. J.: E. Africa (Tanzania), r. 1931-1935 (7,962 nos. with 10 duplicates each). - Original collection: E. Africa, r. 1944 (3,532); S. Africa, r. 1956 (796); Madagascar, r. 1960 (240); Madagascar and S.W. Africa, r. 1968 (280).  - Mendes & Balsas 1981: List of isotypes present in LISC.
Schmid, B.: India, Nilgiri Hills, col. 1831-1837, r. 1932, ex herb Jena (+/- 2,000).

Schneider, C. K.: China, r. 1919-1921 (3,616).  - Balkan, col. 1907, extant (ex herb. Bornmüller).

Schultze-Rhonhof, A. & H.: Ecuador, r. 1937-1939 (1,497).

Schulz, O. E.: C. Europe, r. 1944 (20 fasc.).

Schulz, Roman (brother of O. E. Schulz): Original herbarium, r. 1945, ex Märkisches Museum Berlin (large collection, chiefly Brandenburg and Alps).

Schulze, M. (Jena): Original herbarium, r. 1915 (+/- 30,000, Europe, many Orchids and Rosae). Partly extant, e.g. Potentilk spp.

Schwarz, O.: S. Carpathian Mts., r. 1928 (690); W. Anatolia 1932/ 33, r. 1939 (820, many specimens extant).

Schweinfurth, G.: Original herbarium, r. 1925 (over 18,000). Many specimens from Egypt extant (ex herb. Bornmüller, Muschler etc.). -  The collection of vegetal remains from Egyptian tombs extant.

Sehnem, A.: S. Brazil, r. 1963/64 (+/- 450, Pteridophytes + many Phanerogams).

Seydel, R.: S.W. Africa, r. 1954-1967 (+/- 2,000 nos. with duplicates).

Siehe, W.: Anatolia, r. 1895-1928 (+/- 2,000), 647 extant.

Sin, S. S.: China, r. 1927-1929 (3,317).

Sintenis, P.: Puerto Rico 1886: partly extant; Balkan and Orient 1889-1896: many specimens extant (ex herb. Bornmülller and herb. Ullepitsch).

Sponheimer, J.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1939 (+/- 9,000, Europe, mainly W. and S. Germany).

Spruner, W. v.: Greece, r. 1914 (with Dingler's herbarium).

Steinbach, J.: Bolivia, r. 1925-1929 (+/- 7,100).

Stolz, A.: E. Africa (Nyassa Highland), col. 1909-1913 (many duplicates extant and +/- 800 ex herb. R. Gross, r. 1946).

Strauss, Th.: Iran (large collection extant, ex herb. Bornmüller).

Sydow, H.: Fungi exotici exsiccati. (Nos. 1-1,300).

Tessmann, G.: Peru, r. 1924-1926 (2,545).

Thomas, F.: Collection of galls, r. 1920 (+/- 6,000, completely extant); Fungi, r. 1921 (20 fasc.).

Touton, K.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1929 and 1936 (+/- 19,000, completely extant).

Treviranus, L. C.: Original herbarium, r. 1936 (ex herb. Naturhistorischer Verein für die Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen, Bonn (+/- 30,000). This herbarium is now at the Humboldt University Berlin (BHU), cf. Bässler 1970 and Hiepko 1979.

Troll, C.: Bolivia 1926-1929, r. 1930 (3,400); NE., E. & S. Africa, r. 1933-1937 (1,840); Nanga Parbat, r. 1937 (1,194).  -  Extant duplicates: Bolivia (+/- 2,300), Africa (+/- 630).

Türckheim, H. v.: Original herbarium, r. 1920 (90 fasc., chiefly Guatemala and West Indies).

Ule, E.: Original herbarium, r. 1915 (Europe: 1,300, Brazil and Peru: 2,500; Cryptogams: 800).

Ullepitsch, J.: Original herbarium p.p., r. 1944, from the botanical institute of the Vienna University (15,000, Austria, Balkan etc.), cf. Lack & Wagner 1985 (with list of collectors).

Utsch, J.: Originai herbarium, r. 1916 (+/- 20,000, Europe and N. America; including 1,300 Rubi from Westphalia).

Vaupel, F . K. J.: Samoa, r. 1905-1919 (+/- 1,300), partly extant (+/- 600).

Volk, H.: Afghanistan, r. 1952 (+/- 1,400)

Wagenitz, G.: Anatolia (with H.-J. Beug) 1957 (527); C. Europe, some from Lapland, r. 1959-1969 (1,036); Tunisia 1968 (279).

Walter, H. & E.: Original herbarium, r. 1970 (12,200, Australia, Africa, Europe, Anatolia, S. America).

Wangerin, W. Original herbarium, r. 1939 (15,000, mostly own collections, Europe).

Warnstorf, C.: Bryophytes, r. 1944 (?), probably with the herbarium of his son J. Warnstorf (+/- 3,000, including many types, cf. Schultze-Motel 1962).

Warnstorf, J.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (Bryophytes: 112 fasc., other Cryptogams: 20 fasc.).

Werdermann, E.: Chile, r. 1924-1927 (1,199, duplicates of 989 nos. extant); Bolivia, r. 1928 (689, duplicates of 310 nos. extant); Brazil, r. 1932 (1,291). - S. & S. W. Africa (with H. D. Oberdieck), col. 1958/59 (2,457). - For types of Cactaceae in the spirit collection see Leuenberger (1978, 1979).

Willdenow, C. L.: The historical Herbarium Willdenow (r. 1818) containing 20,000 species and ca. 38,000 sheets was saved; see part 1 of text and Hiepko 1972.

Winter, G.: Fungi, r. 1875-1888, many specimens extant in the saved groups of Fungi (Uredinales and Fungi imperfecti).
Wittrock, V. & Nordstedt, O.: Algae aquae dulcis exsiccatae. 35 fasc., 1877-1903 (1,612).

Wolff, H.: Herbarium p.p., r. 1915 (+/- 7,000, mostly Europe), material partly extant.

Zahn, K. H.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1941 (25,000, incl. +/- 2,800 types; S. Germany and W. Alps). - Vouchers of illustrations for the monograph of Hieracium extant (cf. Lack 1978c).

Zopf, F. W.: Lichens and lichen substances, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster); the material is extant (cf. Huneck et al. 1973).

Zschacke, H.: Lichens (Corsica, Switzerland), r. 1920-1926 (721); r. 1948 (400).
Appendix B
Extant collections of the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) from the time before 1943
In the following list the saved material of all groups of the general herbarium is compiled. It should be borne in mind that in almost all families of Phanerogams additional type material from other sources can be found. The material of the saved special collections was not taken into account.

types = types (and/or other old specimens) extant
loan = specimens on loan during the war, returned to Berlin between 1951 and 1983.
Algae
Ca. 600 sheets of herb. Kützing (received 1894) extant; loan: 57 sheets
Fungi
Uredinales and Fungi imperfecti completely extant; furthermore several types kept in the public department of the Botanical Museum and in the herbaria of Nitschke, Preuss, etc. extant (see App. A)
Lichens
Herbaria of Lahm, Zopf, and  Zschacke extant (see App. A); loan: 2246 (mainly Lecanora, Lecidea, Verrucaria); types of  Stictaceae
Bryophyta
Herbarium Bridel completely extant
Dicranaceae, some fasc. (Campylopus and Dicranella p.p.) extant
Pteridophytes
The entire Pteridophyte her barium  -  except Marattiaceae and Ophioglossaceae - extant
Phanerogams
Acanthaceae, loan: 311 sheets
Achatocarpaceae, types
Aizoaceae, types
Amaranthaceae, types; loan: 119 sheets
Amaryllidaceae, types; loan: 309 sheets
Annonaceae, types; loan: 545 sheets
Apiaceae  -  see Umbelliferae
Aponogetonaceae, types
Araceae, types
Arecaceae - see Palmae
Asclepiadaceae, loan: 125 sheets (Dischidia, Hoya, mostly types of Schlechter)
Asteraceae - see Compositae
Balsaminaceae, material - excl. Eurasia - extant
Begoniaceae, completely extant (on loan during the war at Irmscher)
Berberidaceae, types
Begnoniaceae, loan: 38 sheets
Brassicaceae - see Cruciferae
Bromeliaceae, types
Bruniaceae, types
Burmanniaceae, types
Cactaceae, types in the spirit collection ( Leuenberger 1978 & 1979)
Campanulaceae, loan: the greater part of Lobelioideae (30 fasc.)
Capparaceae, types
Casuarinaceae, types
Centrolepidaceae, types
Cephalotaxaceae, types
Ceratophyllaceae, types
Commelinaceae, types p.p.
Compositae, loan: 82 sheets (Senecio). Several old Hieracium collections extant, e.g. Schack and Touton (see App. A)
Convolvulaceae, loan: 25 sheets (S. America)
Corsiaceae, types
Crassulaceae, loan: 859 sheets
Cruciferae, types
Cunoniaceae, types
Cyperaceae, types p.p. (Cyperus s.l. and Eleochris p.p.), many isotypes ex herb. R. Gross. On the Cyperaceae herb. of G. Kükenthal see Schultze-Motel 1960a; on Cyperaceae of A. Peter see Schultze Motel 1960b
Dioscoreaceae, types
Droseraceae, types
Elaeocarpaceae, types of Knuth (leg. Clemens, New Guinea)
Eriocaulaceae, types
Euphorbiaceae, loan: 208 sheets
Gentianaceae, loan: 179 sheets (Centaurium)
Gnetaceae, types
Gramineae, types (p.p., excl. Bambuseae);loan: 476 sheets. Types of Axonopus: Scholz 1977; types of Penicillaria: Scholz 1979
Grubbiaceae, types
Gyrostemonaceae, types
Hamamelidaceae, types
Hernandiaceae, types
Hydrocharitaceae, loan: 20 sheets (Ottelia)
Illiciaceae, types
Iridaceae, types; loan: 482 sheets
Labiatae, loan: 271 sheets (Thymus & Mentha)
Lactoridaceae, types
Lamiaceae - see Labiatae
Lauraceae, types p.p. maj. (types of some neotropical genera missing)
Liliaceae, types
Loranthaceae, types
Magnoliaceae, types
Malvaceae, loan: 10 sheets (Nototriche)
Marantaceae, types p.p.
Mayacaceae, types
Meliaceae, old material Incl. many isotypes from Reliquiae Harmsianae
Menispermaceae, types
Misodendraceae, types
Moraceae, types; loan: 198 sheets (Sorocea)
Musaceae, types p.p.min.
Myrothamnaceae, types
Nepenthaceae, types
Nyctaginaceae, types
Nymphaeaceae, types; loan: 36 sheets
Octocnemataceae, types
Olacaceae, types
Onagraceae, loan: 964 sheets (Jussiaea)
Opiliaceae, types
Orchidaceae, some types (cf. Butzin 1978, 1980 & 1981)
Palmae, collection of palm fruits completely extant; the greater part of the herbarium specimens is also extant (cf. Balick 1980)
Pandanaceae, all material extant
Papaveraceae, types
Phytolaccaceae, types
Piperaceae, types
Poaceae - see Gramineae
Podocarpaceae, types
Podostemonaceae, types
Polygonaceae, types
Portulacaceae, types
Proteaceae, types
Ranunculaceae, loan: 16 types (Clematis, Delphinium from tropical Africa); 643 sheets (Ranunculus)
Rapateaceae, types
Resedaceae, types
Restionaceae, types
Rhamnaceae, loan: 78 sheets
Rosaceae, types p.p.min.; loan: 660 sheets (Rosa); Dingler's Rosa herbarium completely extant
Santalaceae, types
Sapindaceae, more than 100 duplicates of S. American collections
Saxifragaceae, types p.p. (e.g. Escallonia, Polyosma, Quintinia)
Schisandraceae, types
Scrophulariaceae, loan: 1598 sheets (incl. all material of Antirrhinum and Kickxia)
Simaroubaceae, loan: 31 sheets
Solanaceae, loan: 37 sheets
Sparganiaceae, types
Stemonaceae, types
Taccaceae, types
Taxaceae, types
Tovariaceae, types
Typhaceae, types
Ulmaceae, types
Umbelliferae, loan: 28 sheets (Ferula)
Urticaceae, loan: 258 sheets
Velloziaceae, many old specimens extant (incl. types)
Winteraceae, types
Xyridaceae, types
Zingiberaceae, types (p.p.) and other old material